German Spirituality and Churches
The Rise of Germany In the early 19th century, slightly more than 20 million people lived in Germany, most of them (90%) farmers, spread across several separate political entities, the…
Austria-Hungary in Jerusalem
Austria-Hungary in Jerusalem In the early 19th century, the Austrian Empire recovered from the humiliating defeats inflicted by Napoleon and helped establish a new order in Europe, under which it…
Secular French Spirituality
Secular French Spirituality At the beginning of the 19th century, France was the most populous country in Europe (30 million people, accounting for 20% of the continent), far exceeding England…
New Catholic French Spirituality
French Catholic Spirituality From the 17th century to the 20th century, there was a surge of French Catholic spirituality that influenced the entire world, perhaps as a reaction to the…