Meaning of the New Era
The Modern Era and Its Meaning The Modern Era is perhaps the most fascinating subject of all, because we are living in the midst of it—in the middle of a…
Late Ottoman Jerusalem
Changes in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire, which ruled Jerusalem starting from 1517, weakened in the second half of the 19th century and was essentially dependent for its existence on…
Naqshbandi Zawiya in Jerusalem
The Naqshbandi Order and the Silent Dhikr In the 19th century, the importance of the Naqshbandi Order grew, serving as a central component in the new Ottoman Pan-Islamic vision of…
Freemasons and Europe
Jerusalem as a microcosmos In the 19th century, while progress had yet to fully reach the Land of Israel, Europe already boasted cities of millions with street lighting, sewage systems,…
England in Jerusalem: First Article
England in Jerusalem: First Article In the 19th century, England was the leading power in the world. The British Empire encompassed a quarter of the world’s population—an empire on which…
England in Jerusalem: Article Two
and the Sublime William Henry Bartlett (1809–1854) is considered the most prominent landscape painter of biblical scenes in 19th-century England. He also painted landscapes of other countries and is especially…
Esoteric Orders and Spiritual Teachers
The Order of the Golden Dawn In the late 19th century, esoteric orders began to appear in London—groups of hundreds of people who practiced magic, energetic spiritual purification, communication with…
America in Jerusalem
America in Jerusalem The United States gained independence in 1773. At the beginning of the 19th century, its population was just over 5 million, but by the end of the…
German Spirituality and Churches
The Rise of Germany In the early 19th century, slightly more than 20 million people lived in Germany, most of them (90%) farmers, spread across several separate political entities, the…