America in Jerusalem
America in Jerusalem The United States gained independence in 1773. At the beginning of the 19th century, its population was just over 5 million, but by the end of the…
German Spirituality and Churches
The Rise of Germany In the early 19th century, slightly more than 20 million people lived in Germany, most of them (90%) farmers, spread across several separate political entities, the…
Austria-Hungary in Jerusalem
Austria-Hungary in Jerusalem In the early 19th century, the Austrian Empire recovered from the humiliating defeats inflicted by Napoleon and helped establish a new order in Europe, under which it…
New Catholic French Spirituality
French Catholic Spirituality From the 17th century to the 20th century, there was a surge of French Catholic spirituality that influenced the entire world, perhaps as a reaction to the…
Return of the Catholics
The Return of the Catholics to Jerusalem The French saw themselves as the protectors of Catholics in the Holy Land, but they were not the only Catholic nation in Europe,…
Marian Apparitions in Israel
Marian Apparitions in Israel Starting from the 13th century, Mary began to intervene in world events through apparitions to individuals and later to groups, during which she sought to protect…
Franciscan Renewal in Jerusalem
St. Savior Church The 19th century was characterized by Christian renewal movements designed to meet the challenges posed to Christianity by the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, and the Modern Era.…
Russian Spirituality and Churches
Russians and the Orthodox world The Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe number more than 300 million people, more than all the peoples of Western Europe combined, and the leader of…